비대칭 양자 라비 모델과 이광자·이모드 변형 모델의 숨겨진 대칭 연산자 닫힌형식

The asymmetric quantum Rabi model, a two-level system with splitting $Δ$ and bias $ε$ coupled with strength $g$ to a boson mode, has level crossings when $ε$ is an integer multiple $N$ of the mode frequency. They are due to a hidden symmetry operator $J$, for which no general formula has been available. Here we obtain $J$ in closed form for every $N$. We find that $J$ is given by the parity of the symmetric model times the continuant (ordered tridiagonal determinant) of $N$ first-order operators, which are the Hamiltonians at the intermediate biases $N-1,N-3,\dots,1-N$ minus a common number operator. The symmetry is thus a staircase of $N$ bias steps that closes on the mirror image of the model precisely at integer bias. The proof uses induction on two commutation relations. The same relations hold in the asymmetric two-photon and two-mode models, written with the generators of $\mathfrak{su}(1,1)$, so that the same continuant gives their symmetry operators for every order, previously known only for the lowest ones. We also relate the closed formula for $J$ to the known recursion relations for its coefficients and give their terms of lowest order in $Δ$ explicitly.